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Names and short texts
in bold colored font on these pages are links to
separate pages and profiles of artists and other persons.
Names in bold font may appear as a link later in the text.
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Owner and producer of Remington Records, Donald
H. Gabor (click on the name to read more about the man), was
born on November 20, 1912. He received his education in Hungary and
he was related to the Halmos family of Chicago. He came to the United
States in 1938 just before World War 2 broke out. Many Hungarians left
their country in the nineteen twenties and thirties as refugees of the
dictatorial regime of Miklos Horthy (1921-1939). More Europeans fled
from 1933 on because of the advent of the Third Reich. That
is why names like Sari Biro,
Edward Kilenyi, Laszlo Halasz, Ernö
Dohnányi (in German: Ernst von Dohnanyi) and Georges
Enesco/George Enescu (who stayed in Romania during World War
Two) recorded for Gabor's labels. Many of the artists knew each other.
Helen Airoff was a pupil of Enesco's
and French pianist Céliny Chailley-Richez
can be found in the Remington catalogue when performing with Enesco
and also with Airoff. Dohnányi was the teacher of pianist Edward
Kilenyi and of conductor Laszlo Halasz. In Europe Dohnányi had
met American violinist Albert Spalding and was to perform with him in
New York several years later. |
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A
late Remington release with Bartok at the piano.
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Donald
Gabor and conductor Laszlo Halasz (at right) recorded Béla Bartók
in his home in New York in 1941.
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Marcel
Prawy in the early nineteen seventies when he compiled a series of LPs
with opera highlights for Deutsche Grammophon.
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Picture
taken from Deutsche Grammophon Lp 2532 001 - Wagner: Tristan und Isolde.
Photo credit: Will Appelt, Wien.
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| Don Gabor knew singers Martha Eggerth and Jan Kiepura the famous couple. Martha Eggert was also from Hungary. (Note: in various publications her name is also spelled as Marta Eggerth and as Marta Eggert.) They had left Europe in 1939 and went to live and perform in the USA. In 1940 Martha Eggerth sung in the Broadway musical 'Higher and Higher'. The couple played in the Broadway production of the operetta 'The Merry Widow' in the 1943-1944 season. Later they appeared on Continental record CLP 2012. Through this contact Gabor had met Austrian Marcel Prawy (1911-2003) who migrated to the US together with the movie stars. He was a lawyer and handled their artistic, financial and legal affairs since 1937. In 1943 he quit his job as the couple's secretary and enlisted in the US Army where he was mainly teaching. He returned with the US Army to Europe and was located in various cities. From 1946 to 1950 he was a "Military Civilian" with the US Forces in Vienna and again was teaching, was taking part as a censor of movies, and worked for the weekly news reel "Welt im Film". |
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Haydn
and Mozart by Paul Walter. Mozart's Requiem by Josef Messner, a Salzburger
Festspiele recording with singers Hilde Gueden, Julius Patzak, Rosette
Anday and Josef Greindl.
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Hans
Wolf conducts Cesar Francks Symphony in D on RLP-199-36.
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| When Donald Gabor
decided to start his Remington label (named after the Remington Phonograph
Corporation which went bankrupt in 1921, but probably also because of the
widespread use of the name for different brands: Remington typewriters,
Remington pianos, and of course Remington is the manufacturer of guns and
rifles), he planned to release a vast catalog of classical music. His plans
were developed in the late nineteen forties when the Lp had been introduced
by Columbia. Gabor asked Marcel Prawy in Vienna to hire artists and make arrangements for recordings. Vienna was and is "the music capital of Europe". Producer Marcel Prawy (who later became chief dramatist at the "Wiener Oper" - Viennese Opera - wrote books, introduced the American musical in Vienna, and became a popular TV personality) arranged for the recordings with well known conductors who had earned national recognition through their work with the Austrian Radio Broadcasting Corporation (Österreichische Rundfunk, ORF) while performing in concerts and operatic productions of which Vienna always has a lot to offer. These conductors were Kurt Wöss, Wilhelm Loibner (1909-1971), Gustav Koslik (1902-1989), Felix Prohaska , Paul Walter, Rudolf Moralt (1902-1958), George Singer, Fritz Weidlich (1898-1952), Robert Heger (1886-1978) , Alexander Paulmüller, Anton Paulik (1901-1975) , Max Schönherr and Hans Wolf. Also performances with renown singers were recorded of Astrid Varnay and Rosette Anday (1903-1977), and there are even records with Irmgard Seefried, Hilde Zadek, Anton Dermota (1910-1989), Lorenz Fehenberger, Ferdinand Franz, and with conductor Josef Messner (1893-1969), while at the same time American conductor H.Arthur Brown traveled to Vienna to conduct the Niederöstereichisches Tonkünstlerorchester. And pianist Edward Kilenyi Jr. recorded in Vienna (with Felix Prohaska). |
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Sari
Biro, Felicitas Karrer, Frieda Valenzi, and Céliny Chailley-Richez
(from left to right).
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Prawy
also approached the younger generation of performers who just had left
the 'Musikhochschule' or the "Viennese State Academy for Music
and Dramatic Art"
and were starting a career. Pianist Alexander Jenner told me that Mr.
Prawy would ask a young musician to study, say, Beethoven's 'Diabelli
Variations' and be ready in two weeks time for a recording session. The
sessions arranged by Prawy produced material to be released not only on
Remington but in several occasions also on the Plymouth/Merit label on
which artists like pianists Frieda Valenzi,
Jörg Demus, Alfred
Kitchin, Hilde Somer and Alexander
Jenner,
and also conductor Fritz Busch can be found. On
some occasions the rights for taped performances made by the Austrian
Broadcasting Company were bought as was the case with the Busch recordings
of Beethoven's 3rd and 8th Symphonies. The 8th Symphony was released by
Gabor in December 1953 as a MUSIRAMA production, but of course was not
a real MUSIRAMA recording as the tape dated from before 1951. The recordings of Kurt Wöss were made before 1951 (most certainly before the start of the 1951/1952 season), 1951 being the year when Wöss went to Japan to take up the post of conductor of the Radio Symphony Orchestra of the NHK, the Japanese National Broadcasting Corporation, the number one orchestra of Japan. Wöss's very short biography in 'Conductors on Record' only mentions that from 1948 till 1951 he made recordings for the Remington label. The years should be 1950-1951. And the great Fritz Busch died in 1951. The recordings of this great conductor were also made in 1950, the year in which Gabor started the Remington label as the first thin paper sleeves indicate "Copyright 1950". |
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Jörg
Demus plays Beethoven: Piano Sonatas Nos. 30 (Op. 109) and 31 (Op. 110)
on R-199-29
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An
American in Vienna: Rimsky-Korsakov's Scheherazade conducted by H. Arthur
Brown on R-199-11
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And
when American artists traveling in Europe came to perform in Vienna, recordings
were made either by the Austrian Broadcasting Organization or produced
by
Marcel Prawy. Examples are recordings by pianist Sari Biro, pianist Edward
Kilenyi and of mezzo-soprano Mona Paulee
singing songs by George Gershwin, Rudolf Friml, Sigmund Romberg and Cole
Porter with an orchestra conducted by famous Austrian pianist-composer-conductor-arranger
Heinz Sandauer. Don
Gabor had been working in the shipping department of RCA Victor. His
job with RCA is quite significant for his approach. Initially he was not
employed in the production offices or the studios, but just saw the many
carton boxes, filled with shellac records, which had to be sent to the
various dealers. That is where he probably got the idea that the quantity
could be increased if the records were less expensive. And if he himself
was going to start a label to be distributed on a large scale, it only
would be feasible if he kept the price low in order to achieve a large
enough turnover. At that time the record industry was not a highly thriving
business economically. So Gabor had ideas of his own, just as Eli
Oberstein had, who was by ten years Gabor's senior. That Oberstein
had some influence seems logical. |
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Don
Gabor's first label was Continental in the 78 RPM era. Broadway is the
company's address, soon to be changed to 263 West 54th St. which
today is Ye Olde Tripple Inn, a famous dive bar.
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Gabor's
Continental Record Company Inc. was probably founded in 1941 when Gabor
was still employed by RCA. The first Continental recording was made at
RCA on Feb. 25, 1941 and Victor probably did the pressing, as David Diehl
told me. Gabor also had the special ethnic labels like the Csardas
label for the "Hungarian" market, and the White Eagle label for
the "Polish" market. Record covers of 78 RPM records from the WWII era
list the different labels of the company. The first Csardas recordings
date even further back to November 25, 1940. Famous artists in those circles
were Frank Yankovic and Victor Zembruski. Victor Zembruski (the Connecticut
Polish Orchestra), recorded for the Continental Record Company and his
recordings were released on both the White Eagle and Continental labels
and were later re-released on Remington, Paris, Palace, and Masterseal.. Another fellow-Hungarian who recorded for Don Gabor was Andor Foldes who fled Europe and had come to America in 1940. On Continental 78 RPM with reference CON 22 (which is also referred to as C5033) he plays March from 'The Love of The Three Oranges' (Prokofiev) and Polka from 'The Golden Age' ballet (Shostakovich). On Continental 78 RPM (CON 34) he plays Albeniz: Seguidillas (No. 5 from Cantos de Espana), Sevillana (from Suite Espanola). Foldes is actually better known for accompanying violinist Joseph Szigeti on Columbia 78 RPM (Debussy, Hubay, Kodaly, Schubert), his recordings made in Denmark for the Tono label after the war playing Beethoven Sonatas and piano music by Schumann (which also appeared on Mercury), and the many recordings for Deutsche Grammophon Gesellschaft: Mikrokosmos (Bartók), Rachmaninoff (2nd Concerto), Modern repertory (Barber, Copland, Stravinsky) and Beethoven and Mozart. |
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Pianist Andor
Foldes in the early nineteen fifties (picture taken from Deutsche Grammophon
LPM 18279 on which he plays Stravinsky, Barber and Copland.)
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Andor Foldes
plays 'Encore', as does Lili Miki on another album originally recorded
on Continental 78RPM discs.
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There
are also sets of Continental 78 RPM records with harpsichordist Dorothy
Lane in a complete edition of Bach's Well Tempered Clavier. Most of Gabor's 78s were pressed at the Scranton Record Mfg. plant which at the time was the largest independent plant in the U.S. Even after Capitol bought the plant in 1946, records were pressed there, because Eli Oberstein, another remarkable figure in the history of recorded sound in the nineteen forties and fifties, continued to have access to the Capitol plant because he controlled a lot of shellac, which was in very short supply at the time. In 1948 Oberstein took over the bankrupt Sonora Co. and in 1949 he regained his New Jersey Plastics Co. and started to press LPs from then on. Another
important name in early American LP history is Webster Manufacturing Co.
of Webster, Massachusetts. Webster - as the story is told - had once been
a center of textile manufacturing, but just after World War II, the Webster
Manufacturing Co. had moved to a nonunion site in the South (which was
a not uncommon practice for companies to avoid regulations), leaving behind
an empty factory and an unemployed labor force. That is where Don Gabor
and his Continental Record Company come into focus. Gabor persuaded the
workers to buy the factory and install record-pressing equipment to produce
78 RPM discs for him, according to David Diehl's information. |
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The Webster Pressing
Plant: production of the cheap vinyl, matrix quality control, and record
pressing
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The
major attraction of tape was, of course, that longer recording sessions
were possible and above all splicing was feasible, thus a performance
without (too many) errors could be compiled. There was however another
important advantage. Tape made it possible to add a second playback head
a few inches before the actual playback head. The signal picked up by
this playback head steered the cutter head When a dynamic passage was
picked up by this second head it was possible to allow more land between
adjacent grooves which contained high dynamics. (In Europe this method
was even further developed by Decca and Telefunken which had formed the
TELDEC company in Germany. The system was called "Füllschrift" because
of the possibility to economically use the unused land separating the
groove during less loud passages.) What really is quite certain: the quality of the plastic was definitely not of the same standard as the vinyl used by the big companies. Gabor used a cheap substitute for his discs which were not entirely free from surface noise - to put it mildly. Moreso there is a difference between the quality and flexibility of the early vinylite substitutes and the later compounds he used. Differences can also be noted in the quality used for the various labels. Especially in the beginning the plastic was hard and not flexible at all, and even brittle and grainy, and the discs were not unbreakable. A demonstration of its flexibility often resulted in a cracked or broken disc. |
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Ella Fitzgerald and Slam Stewart. (Copyright: William P. Gottlieb) and
Count Basie with Timmie Rosencrantz (courtesy Sepia Jazz).
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Don Gabor was a well known figure in the New York music and manufacturing scenes and knew how to persuade people to work with him and/or have their recordings released on his labels. He knew violinist Enoch Light (who was a trained classical musician) and his band "The Light Brigade". Light recorded for RCA and Columbia, and also made recordings with Don Gabor at the end of the nineteen forties on 78 RPM. On Continental C 1175: Laughing on the outside, Got a date with a disc (Enoch Light and his Orchestra and Loren Becker). These recordings were later released on the Remington label in the 7" 45 RPM format. That was before Enoch Light started to manage labels himself. First for other entrepreneurs and later he created his own quality labels Command (while hiring Robert C. Fine and George Piros) and Project 3. Don
Gabor also made recordings in the nineteen forties with young jazz artists,
who stood at the beginning of their careers, and released them on his
Continental 78 RPM label: Dizzie Gillespie, Slam Stewart, Ethel Waters,
Dorothy Donegan, Cozy Cole, J.C. Heard, Edmond Hall, Hot Lips Page, Eddie
South and Timmie Rosencrantz (See also the Sepia-Jazz-website.) |
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| Naturally
these recordings were later released on Lp on the Remington label and are
quite unique. Some of the recordings of Sarah Vaughan from 1944 and 1945
can be found on Remington RLP-1024, and later on R 199-258, on Masterseal
MS 55, Palace A 673 and in the nineteen fifties and sixties on other labels
of Gabor. The same goes for the 78RPM Continentals of Slam Stewart and Ethel
Waters. A very nice presentation was the boxed set of three 45 RPM discs of Ethel Waters with the title "Shades of Blue". The titles: Am I Blue (with a blue label), Dinah, Cabin in the Sky, Taking a Chance on Love, You Took My Man and Man Wanted. The Copyright is 1951 and the reference number is RB-924. On Remington R-1033 Eddie South, Slam Stewart, Red Norvo, Johnny Guarneri, Morey Field and Wayne Chuck perform Talking Back, Bell for Norvo, Voice of the turtle, Slamming the gate, Twelve o'clock at night, Eddie's blues and Singing the blues. The heading on the cover reads "Modern American Musicians". Remington RLP 1035 features orchestral music conducted by Edmund Hall, Timmie Rosencrantz and "Hot Lips" Page. The cover of Remington R-1032 reads "Cafe society swing" by the Timmie Rosencrantz, Cozy Cole and Sabby Lewis orchestras. All these recordings were re-released in the nineteen fifties and sixties on Masterseal, Palace, Buckingham, etc. |
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| Don Gabor
often recorded groups and people that were probably only known locally.
He issued many recordings in the popular sector for all sorts of nationalities
with Polish, Hungarian, Russian, Slovene, Spanish and Portuguese artists.
Portuguese fados sung by young Amalia Rodriguez were released on Continental.
(Even Frank Chacksfield appears on the label). Another example of the ethnic releases is RLP-1010 of The Gypsy Wanderers who play "Russian Caravan". On RLP 1004 "The Gay 90's Gang" play tunes and medleys with tunes like: By the light of the silvery moon, Give my regards to Broadway, Beer, beer glorious beer, Down where the Wurzburger flows, etc. This band also appeared on the Decca label. |
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The Dixiaires appeared on the 78 rpm Continental label first. |
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Later
their recordings were rereleased on the Remington label together with
spirituals sung by the Selah Jubilee Quartet.
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| Don Gabor
often recorded groups and people that were probably only known locally.
He issued many recordings in the popular sector for all sorts of nationalities
with Polish, Hungarian, Russian, Slovene, Spanish and Portuguese artists.
Portuguese fados sung by young Amalia Rodriguez were released on Continental.
(Even Frank Chacksfield appears on the label). Another example of the ethnic releases is RLP-1010 of The Gypsy Wanderers who play "Russian Caravan". On RLP 1004 "The Gay 90's Gang" play tunes and medleys with tunes like: By the light of the silvery moon, Give my regards to Broadway, Beer, beer glorious beer, Down where the Wurzburger flows, etc. This band also appeared on the Decca label. |
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The
singers also appeared on Plymouth PL-12-109 under the heading Religious
Favorites.
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The
Selah Jubilee Singers as choir with additional selections on Masterseal.
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On the cover
of RLP-1023 the headline says: "Spirituals by the world famous
Selah Jubilee Quartet". They are backed on side 2 by "The Dixiaires" (Dixiaires)
who also had appeared on Continental. Many times Gabor just bought recordings and released these on his various labels. When Slovenian accordion player Frank Yankovic was already contracted by Columbia Records, Don Gabor was using the recordings made by Frank in the early nineteen forties and released them over and over again. First on 78RPM shellac discs on the Continental and Remington labels, and later on Remington and Masterseal Long Play. |
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| Gabor's first Remington releases had a red label designed in the style which looked like that of labels like Columbia and Westminster. It bore also resemblance with the Continental label. The label indicated that the record was pressed on Websterlite and was licensed by Remington Records Inc., NY, USA and for use on phonographs in homes. The covers were made of paper and reminded of the simple sleeves of 78 RPM records except for the artwork. Instead of liner notes there was a list of the (earliest) releases with the heading 'Music for every mood' with Felicitas Karrer, Elisabeth (Elizabeth) Wysor, Karin Branzell, Andor Foldes and a series of 10 inch records with popular music which had formerly been released on Continental and 78 RPM shellac discs. 'Copyright 1950' was printed on the sleeve. |
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Left to right:
the second label, Walter Schneiderhan plays Mendelssohn, and Albert Spalding
plays Brahms Sonatas.
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| The label
was soon altered and changed into a more distiguished design. This second
series label also had a red color but now with the name Remington in a curved
logo. The covers had a design with large lettering and simple but colorful
artwork. The year of copyright on the back of the covers of the early releases
of the Rachmaninoff Concerto by Felicitas Karrer,
Cesar Franck's Symphony conducted by Hans Wolf, and H. Arthur
Brown conducting Scheherezade and Tchaikovsky's Pathetique is 1950.
Soon more refined artwork and smaller typeface for the label numbers was
applied to the releases with higher catalog numbers. Often a general design
was used as in the case of Mendelssohn's Violin Concerto by Walter
Schneiderhan (leader of the 'Wiener Symphoniker' since 1948 and
brother of Wolfgang Schneiderhan who had performed with Jan Kiepura and
Martha Eggert), Brahms' Violin Sonatas by Albert Spalding and Ernö
Dohnanyi (Ernst von Dohnanyi), the release with Schubert's Trout Quintet
with Willy Boskovsky (played by an expanded Boskovsky Trio which
he founded in 1947), The Jilka Trio (Alfred Jilka, violin - Peter
Schwartel, cello - Kurt Rapf, piano) playing Beethoven's Trio
Op. 97 'Archduke' (R-199-27), and again Walter Schneiderhan's performance
of Beethoven's Sonata for Piano and Violin Op. 30, No. 2 with Helen Airoff).
Most early covers however were of paper as used by the big companies as well. But soon cardboard covers were introduced. Nevertheless the early covers were tasteful in design and the Remington-logo was not placed on the covers on a fixed spot. Every edition had an emblem with the text: "A DON GABOR Production". |
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Early
editions of Rachmaninoff 2, Franck's Symphony, Rimsky-Korsakov's tale
and Tchaikovsky's Pathetique.
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| Later on
an oval emblem was added telling the prospective buyer that the record was
of high quality. It said: "Complete Audible Range Reproduction", probably
inspired by London's "full frequency range recording". Other record companies
had a similar emblem and/or quality slogan which indicated the nature of
their business. Capitol had the "Full Dimensional Sound" logo, RCA had "Orthophonic
High Fidelity" and Mercury marked their record sleeves (though not always
rightfully) with the indication "living presence" and later on added "margin
control" on the label itself. Gabor realized that an indication of quality was necessary to add importance to the label and to give the impression that his product was to be regarded in the same class as the big labels. He stayed on the safe side with the word "Reproduction" instead of "Recording", so it all depended on the listener's audio set. The address
of the office was then 263 West 54th Street in New York. But
soon was to be exchanged for a suite on Fifth Avenue. |
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If compared
to the mayor labels like Columbia and RCA, the technical quality of the
pressings was not of the highest standard, to put it mildly. However one
should not forget that when Gabor started to produce his LP recordings
the hiss of the 78 RPM shellac records was still resounding in the ears
of most record collector and also in Gabor's.
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Like RCA, the inventor of the 7 inch 45 RPM disc, also Remington released 45 RPM boxed editions of complete symphonies and concertos: Beethoven's Emperor with Felicitas Karrer and (at left) Dvorak's New World Symphony. At right one of the 45 RPM Extended Play releases of opera highlights. |
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Copyright 1995-2008 by Rudolf A. Bruil