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Names and short texts
in bold colored font on these pages are links to
separate pages and profiles of artists and other persons.
Names in bold font may appear as a link later in the text.
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Owner and producer of Remington Records, That
is why names like |
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A
late Remington release with Bartok at the piano.
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Donald
Gabor and conductor Laszlo Halasz (at right) recorded Béla Bartók
in his home in New York in 1941.
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Marcel
Prawy in the early nineteen seventies when he compiled a series of LPs
with opera highlights for Deutsche Grammophon.
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Picture
taken from Deutsche Grammophon LP 2532 001 - Wagner: Tristan und Isolde.
Photo credit: Will Appelt, Wien.
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| Don Gabor knew singers
Martha Eggerth and Jan Kiepura the famous couple. Martha Eggert
was also from Hungary. (Note: in various publications her name is also spelled
as Marta Eggerth and as Marta Eggert.) They had left Europe in 1939 and
went to live and perform in the USA. In 1940 Martha Eggerth sang in the
Broadway musical 'Higher and Higher'. The couple played in the Broadway
production of the operetta 'The Merry Widow' in the 1943-1944 season. (Their
recordings were available on Columbia. When the LP format was introduced
they appeared on Continental record CLP 2012 which indicates that Gabor
must have made a few recordings with them already in the 78 rpm era as these
recordings were dubbings from 78 rpm discs.) Through this contact Gabor had met Austrian |
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Haydn
and Mozart by Paul Walter. Mozart's Requiem by Josef Messner, a Salzburger
Festspiele recording with singers Hilde Gueden, Julius Patzak, Rosette
Anday and Josef Greindl.
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Hans
Wolf conducts Cesar Francks Symphony in D on RLP-199-36.
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| Donald Gabor had started
with ethnic music but put himself on the map as a producer when he started
Continental Records. There is already mention of Gabor and his Continental
Company in 1942 when he was accused of not complying with the regulations
during World War Two. And he is already listed in Billboard's Music Year
Book of 1943. It is not sure if he received a loan from his former RCA boss
Tetos Demetriades to set up his business. But there were certainly
businessmen who wanted to invest in a new and growing business of a young
entrepreneur. Demetriades made himself an independent record producer with
ethnic music. During the war years Donald Gabor contemplated to start the Remington Records label (named after the Remington Phonograph Corporation which went bankrupt in 1921, but probably also because of the widespread use of the name for different brands: Remington typewriters, Remington pianos, and of course Remington is the manufacturer of guns and rifles). He planned to release a vast catalog of classical music. The execution of his plan was hastened after the 33 1/3 Long Playing record had been introduced in 1948 by Columbia. Gabor asked Marcel Prawy in Vienna to hire artists and make arrangements for recordings. Vienna was and is "the music capital of Europe". Producer Marcel Prawy (who later became chief dramatist at the "Wiener Oper" - Viennese Opera - wrote books, introduced the American musical in Vienna, and became a popular TV personality) arranged for the recordings with well known conductors who had earned national recognition through their work with the Austrian Radio Broadcasting Corporation (Österreichische Rundfunk, ORF) while performing in concerts and operatic productions of which Vienna always has a lot to offer. These conductors were Kurt Wöss, Wilhelm Loibner (1909-1971), Gustav Koslik (1902-1989), Felix Prohaska , Paul Walter, Max Schönherr (1903-1984; who conducted highlights from Die Fledermaus on R-199-41), Also performances with renown singers |
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Sari
Biro, Felicitas Karrer, Frieda Valenzi, and Céliny Chailley-Richez
(from left to right).
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Prawy
also approached the younger generation of performers who just had left
the 'Musikhochschule' or the "Viennese State Academy for Music
and Dramatic Art"
and were starting a career. Pianist Alexander Jenner told me that Mr.
Prawy would ask a young musician to study, say, Beethoven's 'Diabelli
Variations' and be ready in two weeks time for a recording session. The
sessions arranged by Prawy produced material to be released not only on
Remington but in several occasions also on the Plymouth/Merit label on
which artists like pianists The
recordings of |
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At
left the earliest Remington label in the style of the Continental label.
At right: Jörg Demus plays Beethoven: Piano Sonatas Nos. 30 (Op. 109) and 31 (Op. 110) on R-199-29 |
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An
American in Vienna: Rimsky-Korsakov's Scheherazade conducted by H. Arthur
Brown on R-199-11
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And
when American artists traveling in Europe came to perform in Vienna, recordings
were made either by the Austrian Broadcasting Organization or produced
by
Marcel Prawy. Examples are recordings by pianist Sari Biro, pianist Edward
Kilenyi and of mezzo-soprano Don
Gabor had been working in the shipping department of RCA Victor. His
job with RCA is quite significant for his approach. Initially he was not
employed in the production offices or the studios, but just saw the many
carton boxes, filled with shellac records, which had to be sent to the
various dealers. That is where he probably got the idea that the quantity
could be increased if the records were less expensive. And if he himself
was going to start a label to be distributed on a large scale, it only
would be feasible if he kept the price low in order to achieve a large
enough turnover. At that time the record industry was not a highly thriving
business economically. So Gabor had ideas of his own, just as Eli Oberstein
had, who was by ten years Gabor's senior. That Oberstein had some influence
seems logical. Oberstein had also been working at Victor and had started
on his own, two years before Don Gabor did. |
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Don
Gabor's first label was Continental in the 78 RPM era. Broadway is the
company's address, soon to be changed to 263 West 54th St. which
housed Ye Olde Tripple Inn, a famous New York dive bar.
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Gabor's
first recordings were done when he was still employed by RCA. Gabor had
special labels with ethnic music like the Another
fellow-Hungarian who recorded for Don Gabor was Andor Foldes who
fled Europe and had come to America in 1940. On Continental 78 RPM
with reference CON 22 (which is also referred to as C5033) he plays
March from 'The Love of The Three Oranges' (Prokofiev) and Polka from
'The Golden Age' ballet (Shostakovich). On Continental 78 RPM (CON 34)
he plays Albeniz: Seguidillas (No. 5 from Cantos de Espana), Sevillana
(from Suite Espanola). On Remington RLP-149-4 (33 RPM) he plays Mazurka
(Chopin), Prelude (Chopin), Three Waltzes from Op.39 (Brahms), Lullaby
(Brahms), The Maiden with the Flaxen Hair (Debussy), Valse oublié
(Liszt), Prelude in B Flat (Gershwin), Dance fantastique (Shostakovich)
Spanish Dances Nos. 5 and 6 (Granados). |
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Pianist Andor
Foldes in the early nineteen fifties (picture taken from Deutsche Grammophon
LPM 18279 on which he plays Stravinsky, Barber and Copland.)
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Andor Foldes
plays 'Encore', as does Lili Miki on another album originally recorded
on Continental 78 RPM discs.
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There
are also sets of Continental 78 RPM records with harpsichordist Dorothy
Lane in a complete edition of Bach's Well Tempered Clavier. Most of Gabor's 78s were pressed at the Scranton Record Mfg. plant which at the time was the largest independent plant in the US Even after Capitol bought the plant in 1946, records were pressed there, because Eli Oberstein, another remarkable figure in the history of recorded sound in the nineteen forties and fifties, continued to have access to the Capitol plant because he controlled a lot of shellac, which was in very short supply at the time. In 1948 Oberstein took over the bankrupt Sonora Co. and in 1949 he regained his New Jersey Plastics Co. and started to press LPs from then on. Another
important name in early American LP history is Webster Manufacturing
Co. of Webster, Massachusetts. Webster - as the story is told - had
once been a center of textile manufacturing, but just after World War
II, the Webster Manufacturing Co. had moved to a nonunion site in the
South (which was a not uncommon practice for companies to avoid regulations),
leaving behind an empty factory and an unemployed labor force. That is
where Don Gabor and his Continental Record Company come into focus. Gabor
persuaded the workers to help him buy the factory and install record-pressing
equipment to produce 78 RPM discs for him. Gabor decided that from 1949
on the plant would only press plastic 45 rpm and 33 rpm disks. |
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The Webster Pressing
Plant: production of the cheap vinyl mix (vinylite), matrix quality control,
and record pressing
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The
major attraction of tape was, of course, that longer recording sessions
were possible and above all splicing was feasible, thus a performance
without (too many) errors could be compiled. There was however another
important advantage. Tape made it possible to add a second playback head
a few inches before the actual playback head. The signal picked up by
this playback head steered the cutter head When a dynamic passage was
picked up by this second head it was possible to allow more land between
adjacent grooves which contained high dynamics. (In Europe this method
was even further developed by Decca and Telefunken which had formed the
TELDEC company in Germany. The system was called "Füllschrift" because
of the possibility to economically use the unused land separating the
groove during less loud passages.) What really is quite certain: the quality of the plastic was definitely not of the same standard as the vinyl used by the big companies. Gabor used a cheap substitute for his discs which were not entirely free from surface noise - to put it mildly. And there is a difference between the quality and flexibility of the early vinylite substitutes and the later compounds he used. Differences can also be noted in the quality used for the various labels. Especially in the beginning the plastic was hard and not flexible at all, and even brittle and grainy, and the discs were not unbreakable. A demonstration of its flexibility often resulted in a cracked or broken disc. |
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Ella Fitzgerald and Slam Stewart. (Copyright: William P. Gottlieb) and
Count Basie with Timmie Rosencrantz (courtesy Sepia Jazz).
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Don
Gabor was a well known figure in the New York music and manufacturing
scenes and knew how to persuade people to work with him and/or have their
recordings released on his labels. He knew violinist Enoch Light
(who was a trained classical musician) and his band "The Light Brigade".
Light recorded for RCA and Columbia, and also made recordings with Don
Gabor at the end of the nineteen forties on 78 RPM. On Continental C 1175:
Laughing on the outside, Got a date with a disc (Enoch Light and his Orchestra
and Loren Becker). These recordings were later released on the Remington
label in the 7" Don
Gabor also made recordings in the nineteen forties with young jazz artists,
who stood at the beginning of their careers, and released them on his
Continental 78 RPM label: Dizzy Gillespie, Slam Stewart, Ethel Waters,
Dorothy Donegan, Cozy Cole, J.C. Heard, Edmond Hall, Hot Lips Page, Eddie
South and Timmie Rosencrantz (See also the |
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| Naturally
these recordings were later released on LP on the Remington label and are
quite unique. Some of the recordings of Sarah Vaughan from 1944 and 1945
can be found on Remington RLP-1024, and later on R 199-258, on Masterseal
MS 55, Palace A 673 and in the nineteen fifties and sixties on other labels
of Gabor. The same goes for the 78 RPM Continentals of Slam Stewart and
Ethel Waters. A very nice presentation was the boxed set of three 45 RPM discs of Ethel Waters with the title "Shades of Blue". The titles: Am I Blue (with a blue label), Dinah, Cabin in the Sky, Taking a Chance on Love, You Took My Man and Man Wanted. The Copyright is 1951 and the reference number is RB-924. On Remington R-1033 Eddie South, Slam Stewart, Red Norvo, Johnny Guarneri, Morey Field and Wayne Chuck perform Talking Back, Bell for Norvo, Voice of the turtle, Slamming the gate, Twelve o'clock at night, Eddie's blues and Singing the blues. The heading on the cover reads "Modern American Musicians". Remington RLP 1035 features orchestral music conducted by Edmund Hall, Timmie Rosencrantz and "Hot Lips" Page. The cover of Remington R-1032 reads "Cafe society swing" by the Timmie Rosencrantz, Cozy Cole and Sabby Lewis orchestras. All these recordings were re-released in the nineteen fifties and sixties on Masterseal, Palace, Buckingham, etc. |
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| Don Gabor
often recorded groups and people that were probably only known locally.
He issued many recordings in the popular sector for all sorts of nationalities
with Polish, Hungarian, Russian, Slovene, Spanish and Portuguese artists.
Portuguese fados sung by young Amalia Rodriguez were released on
Continental. (Even Frank Chacksfield appears on the label). Another example of the ethnic releases is RLP-1010 of The Gypsy Wanderers who play "Russian Caravan". On RLP 1004 "The Gay 90's Gang" play tunes and medleys with tunes like: By the light of the silvery moon, Give my regards to Broadway, Beer, beer glorious beer, Down where the Wurzburger flows, etc. This band also appeared on the Decca label. |
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The Dixiaires appeared on the 78 rpm Continental label first. |
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Later
their recordings were re-released on the Remington label together with
spirituals sung by the Selah Jubilee Quartet.
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| On the cover
of RLP-1023 the headline says: "Spirituals by the world famous Selah
Jubilee Quartet". They are backed on side 2 by "The Dixiaires" (Dixiaires)
who also had appeared on Continental. "The Seelah Jubilee Quartet" had been recorded in Los Angeles instead of New York, and probably not by Gabor. Their performances were first released on 78 RPM Continental and were dubbed later to Remington RLP-1024 singing Precious Memories, My Dungeon Shook, Joshua, Down by the River Side, There'll Be a Jubilee, Ezekiel Saw the Wheel, Selah Gospel Train. |
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The
singers also appeared on Plymouth PL-12-109 under the heading Religious
Favorites.
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The
Selah Jubilee Singers as choir with additional selections on Masterseal.
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"Selah
Jubilee Quartet" is apparently the same group as the "Selah
Jubilee Singers" who recorded for DECCA in the years 1939-1945 and
Gabor could have made the recordings after the contract with DECCA had
expired, in 1945-1946 or could have bought the ready made recordings.
The selections of RLP-1023 were released on Masterseal 1903
in 1957 on the A-Side, with seven songs which were previously not released.
Then the Dixiaires are not mentioned, but their earlier performances are
now also labeled as being of the Selah Jubilee Choir. Many times
Gabor just bought recordings and released these on his various labels.
When Slovenian accordion
player |
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| Gabor's
first Remington releases had a red label designed in the style which looked
like that of labels like Columbia and Westminster. It bore also resemblance
with the Continental label. The label indicated that the record was pressed
on Websterlite and was licensed by Remington Records Inc., NY, USA and for
use on phonographs in homes. The covers were made of paper and reminded
of the simple sleeves of 78 RPM records except for the artwork. Instead
of liner notes there was a list of the (earliest) releases with the heading
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The label
was soon altered and changed into a more distinguished design. This second
series label also had a red color but now with the name Remington in a
curved logo. The covers had a design with large lettering and simple but
colorful artwork. The year of copyright on the back of the covers of the
early releases of the Rachmaninoff Concerto by
An interesting
rarity is R-149-20 with violinist Ivry Gitlis (pupil of Georges
Enesco) who plays with passion and lyricism Paganini's Violin Concerto
in D major, Op. 6, in the arrangement by Fritz Kreisler; the Austrian
Symphony Orchestra conducted by Kurt Wöss. |
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Early
editions of Rachmaninoff 2, Franck's Symphony, Rimsky-Korsakov's tale
and Tchaikovsky's Pathétique.
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| Later on
an oval emblem was added telling the prospective buyer that the record was
of high quality. It said: "Complete Audible Range Reproduction", probably
inspired by London's "full frequency range recording". Other record companies
had a similar emblem and/or quality slogan which indicated the nature of
their business. Capitol had the "Full Dimensional Sound" logo, RCA had "Orthophonic
High Fidelity" and Mercury marked their record sleeves (though not always
rightfully) with the indication "living presence" and later on added "margin
control" on the label itself. Gabor realized that an indication of quality was necessary to add importance to the label and to give the impression that his product was to be regarded in the same class as the big labels. He stayed on the safe side with the word "Reproduction" instead of "Recording", so it all depended on the listener's audio set. The address
of the office was then 263 West 54th Street in New York.
But soon was
to be exchanged for a suite on Fifth Avenue. |
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If compared
to the mayor labels like Columbia and RCA, the technical quality of the
pressings was not of the highest standard, to put it mildly. However one
should not forget that when Gabor started to produce his LP recordings
the hiss of the 78 RPM shellac records was still resounding in the ears
of most record collector and also in Gabor's.
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Like RCA, the inventor of the 7 inch 45 RPM disc, also Remington released 45 RPM boxed editions of complete symphonies and concertos: Beethoven's Emperor with Felicitas Karrer and (at left) Dvorak's New World Symphony. At right one of the 45 RPM Extended Play releases of opera highlights. |
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Copyright 1995-2009 by Rudolf A. Bruil